Archive for the ‘ Linux ’ Category

Benchmarking Program in Linux

Differ from the Microsoft Windows operating system the richness of benchmark program, Linux still have a small number of that benchmarking program.

If you can easily get the benchmark program to test almost all components at your system in Microsoft Windows, You wil get on the contrary in Linux.

I will tell some benchmarking programs in Linux, you can use to test your system.

Tiobench
Program which is made by James Manning will measure your system file performance by running some thread.
In general, this program will occupied your system.
Give the following command for installation :
apt-get install tiobench

Dbench
Program written by Andrew Tridgell (samba maker) and this is simulator to netbench. Netbench is industrial standard to give rating to file server(Windows)
Give the following command for installation :
apt-get install dbench

Desktop in Linux

KDE DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT
KDE Desktop Environment is result a project to create desktop environment which solid and integrated, is not merely window manager.
KDE Utility is very complete so that a newbie just can say that KDE is a operating system. All tool to work in the system window based available, and many again utility third party which is laboured to be transferred to KDE.

Desktop environment this sophisticated truely, but many indecisive side’s to use it, because license Qt Toolkit. Qt is library and tools used to build KDE.
Is initially distributed free of charge and open source, but from time to time Qt laboured to be having the special license. So that in the end Qt have the status open source conditional, a license form open source which unlike GNU License.

GNOME
GNOME is other project which is equal to KDE, but different in the case of ability and system.
Gnome not even is a window manager, but system desktop which interoperable between platform and computer. It can obtained because Gnome use Common Object Resource Broker Architecture (CORBA).
Gnome more accepted in open source world because GNOME made with Gtk + toolkit that free and open source pursuant to GNU License.

Entry IPv6 at /proc/sys

At the directory /proc/sys there are some special setting to IPv6. Because usually at this directory contain the entry that having read-only character, so we only can see by using command “cat”, cannot with “ echo” and “sysctl”. And that setting like following

ipv6_route
This entry contain all setting IPV6 routing which showing with special format

if_inet6
This entry contain all setting IPv6 address each every interface posed at in special format, for example address loopback will have the value setting like following

# cat /proc/net/if_inet6
00000000000000000000000000000001   01  80   10   80    lo
+——————————+ ++  ++  ++  ++  ++
|                                                                 |      |     |      |      |
1                                                                2     3    4      5     6

snmp6
This entry contain the data information MIB IPv6, for example
[root@stuff root]# cat /proc/net/snmp6
Ip6InReceives 72
Ip6InHdrErrors 0
Ip6InTooBigErrors 0
Ip6InNoRoutes 0
Ip6InAddrErrors 0
. . . . .

Besides, there is still some entries like udp6, igmp6, raw6, ip6_flowlable, and ip6_tables_names

Some entries at directory /proc/sys/net/ipv6/

You maybe write the this article before continue read this,

conf/default/*
To alter the selected interface to the source setting

conf/all/*
To alter all interface to selected setting
For example : conf/all/forwarding to activate the package forwarding IPV6 for all interfaces

conf/interface/*
To alter selected interface setting to setting selected
For example : autoconf to activate link-local address base on MAC address, accept_ra to accept router advertisement, etc

route/*
To alter common or public setting for routing
For example : flush, gc_interval, mtu_expires

Kernel Configuraton IPV6 at LINUX

To know the configuraton kernel from IPv6 , and what do his difference with kernel configuraton IPv4, we can do it by accessing filesystem /proc , where all values setting of system walk to be noted at this filesystem. Before we see filesystem, there is two clauses to be fulfilled that is :
-Filesystem proc must be compile in kernel linux
-Filesystem proc must be mount before

To check it we can use the command as follows

# mount | grep "type proc"
none on /proc type proc (rw)

Besides the upper command, to see and alter the value setting kernel IPv6 at proc filesystem, we can use the comand “ sysctl”. For example if we want to see the value setting forwarding used the command as follows :

# sysctl –w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1

# sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0

The History of IPV6 Implementation at Linux Operating System

Network Code related to IPv6 is enterred to the kernel linux for the first time at kernel version 2.1.8 in November 1996 by Pedro Roque. This addition pursuant to BSD API like BSD system. For want of human resource, so the development of implementation IPv6 at Linux kernel cannot be continued with compilation drafts or RFC.

But then in October 2000, a project in Japan ( which is often called USAGI), develop IPv6 supported by Linux, by following the implementation IPv6 at FreeBSD operating system developed by KAME Project.

But very regrettably that USAGI patch (addition) this too big, so that preserver of Linux network now, incapable of it adding to source Linux kernel v2.4.x. So that kernel of 2.4.x loss many growths and cannot fulfill request from drafts and RFC on that moment. This matter can cause some internal issues interconection with other operating system.

In this time USAGI use the Linux kernel development version of 2.5.x to place entire all of them development result at this version kernel. Is thereby expected that linux version kernel of 2.6.x will contain the implementation IPv6 very complete.

Quagga (continued)

This article is next part of recent article

3.Activate daemon
After make zebra configuration. conf and routing protocol (example ospfd. conf), daemon routing protocol necessary activate by:
Router# /etc/init.d/quagga start
And also for restart and stop
Router# /etc/init.d/quagga stop
Router# /etc/init.d/quagga restart

This matter necessary has been done when we have replaced configuration from quagga.
Router# /etc/init.d/quagga restart
Stopping Quagga daemons (prio:0): ospfd zebra (bgpd) (ripd)
(ripngd) (ospf6d).
Removing all routes made by zebra.
Nothing to flush.
Loading capability module if not yet done.
Starting Quagga daemons (prio:10): zebra ospfd.

4.Login to application routing protocol
To login to routing protocol, we can use application TELNET, while to detect port from application routing protocol can be done with command netstat -nlptu
For see zebra port and another routing daemon
Router# netstat -nlptu | grep zebra
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2601 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 7567/zebra
Router# netstat -nlptu | grep ospfd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:2604 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 7571/ospfd

For zebra uses port 2601 and to ospfd 2604, mean us accessible to application pass ports
Router# telnet localhost 2601
Trying 127.0.0.1…
..
..
Password:

Or to application ospfd in port 2604
Router# telnet localhost 2604
Trying 127.0.0.1…
..
..
Password:

To logging us use password initially “zebra” (without pick two, as according to configuration). so that appear
Router> or ospfd>
Be prompt beginning in quagga. so also when use ripd or another.
5.Do network distribution in pc router
Do network distribution, will mean router (in this case pc) mutual will ask and swap information about network member.

With topology condition on, when do we reside in network a, we only can detect that us has 2 networks 10.252.108.0/24 with 192.168.1.0/24. For certain that us not yet sure know network that present to turned routerb. So also on the contrary.
So that network a can contact network b, in routera must be added table routing that aim to network b. by order of
RouterA# ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 via 10.252.108.15
That can be done when we detect ip network be be turned router b, and when network total that aimed only 1, how when aimed there 1000 router? ? ? ?
So that in quagga we can do distributing by:
-Logging to application routing protocol (example: ospfd with port 2604) with password “zebra”
Router# telnet localhost 2604
Trying 127.0.0.1…
Connected to localhost.localdomain.
Escape character is ‘^]’.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.98.3).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
User Access Verification
Password:
ospfd>

-Rise to next privillages by order of “enable”
ospfd> en
-Enter to configuration mode by order of “configure minal”
ospfd# conf t
-Activate type routing
ospfd(config)# router ospf
-Distribute network that has by router
ospfd(config-router)# network 10.252.108.0/24 area 0
ospfd(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0/24 area 0

-Save configuration by order of
CtrlZ
ospfd# wr

IP FORWARDING
Pc router must activate ip forwarding pass terminal by:
Router# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
Or by activate to pass zebra, with password “zebra”
-telnet to port 2601
Router# telnet localhost 2601
Trying 127.0.0.1…
..
..
Password:

-Do “enable” with password “zebra”
Router> en
Password:

-Step into configuration mode by order of “configure minal”
Router# conf t
-Activate ip forwarding
Router(config)# ip forwarding
-Save with return to fashion enable with depress ctrlz, then do command “write memory”
Router(config)#
Router# wr
Configuration saved to /etc/quagga/zebra.conf

Reference:Quagga

Quagga

Quagga a application software that used for application routing protocol, part quagga like in following

Quagga architecture divided in 2 that is:
1. Zebra–be liaison part between linux kernel with application routing protocol
2. Routing daemon–be regulator application routing protocol. example: ospfd, application that regulate routing protocol ospf, ripd application that regulate routing protocol rip

Quagga command, resemble by order of exist in cisco router
To installation:
Router# apt-get install quagga quagga-doc
beginning quagga configuration resides in directory etc/quagga
Router# ls /etc/quagga
daemons
debian.conf
Step-step to use routing protocol:
1. will choose daemon routing protocol that be used
2. make configuration base
3. activate daemon
4. logging to application routing protocol
5. do network distribution in pc router

1.Choose daemon routing protocol that be used
Activate quagga by edit file etc/quagga/daemons
Router# vim /etc/quagga/daemons
Change protocol that will use with changes “no” be “yes”, example:
zebra=no
ospfd=no
Become
zebra=yes
ospfd=yes
Meaning us activate zebra (obligatory activate)s and protocol ospf, example can also be done for protocol routing another.
2.Make base configuration
Make beginning configuration, to every daemon that activate. in first step we activate zebra and routing protocol, afterwards we also must make configuration file at directory etc/quagga/. configuration file that must be made:
– zebra.conf for zebra application (must be)
– ospfd.conf if we use OSPF routing protocol
– ripd.conf if we use RIP routing protocol
– bgpd.conf if we use BGP routing protocol
Can also by copy from documentation folder quagga. documentation quagga folder reside in usr/share/doc/quagga/examples/
Router# ls /usr/share/doc/quagga/examples/
bgpd.conf.sample ospf6d.conf.sample ripngd.conf.sample
bgpd.conf.sample2 ospfd.conf.sample vtysh.conf.sample
isisd.conf.sample ripd.conf.sample zebra.conf.sample
Manner to copy it:
Router#cp/usr/share/doc/quagga/
examples/zebra.conf.sample/etc/quagga/zebra.conf

Copy zebra file. conf. sample be zebra. conf (without sample). do also to another routing protocol, example ospfd. conf, ripd. conf or bgpd. conf

continued….